The Impact of E-Commerce on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Quantitative Analysis in Thailand
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the impact of e-commerce on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty among online shopping platforms in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study analyzes user interface quality, information quality and perceived privacy as factors influencing customer satisfaction and loyalty. The samples (400 respondents) were collected from an online questionnaire by using snowball sampling, convenience sampling as well as stratified random sampling. After gathering the data, it was analyzed by using simple and multiple linear regression in order to confirm and show the significance of the hypotheses. For data analysis, Multiple and Simple Linear Regression analysis methods were applied as well as a Five-Point Likert scale method. This study found that user interface quality, information quality and perceived security have a significant, positive impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. This study further suggests that in order to gain the loyalty of online customers, the online shopping platforms should focus on other factors e.g., trust, which influence customer satisfaction. Achieving these goals are highly likely to ensure customer loyalty. The limitations of this research paper are that it is specifically focused on Thailand and consumers living in Thailand. Therefore, the findings that result from this research might not apply to other countries around the world and will only represent the situation in Thailand.
Downloads
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The submitting author warrants that the submission is original and that she/he is the author of the submission together with the named co-authors; to the extend the submission incorporates text passages, figures, data, or other material from the work of others, the submitting author has obtained any necessary permission.
Articles in this journal are published under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY What does this mean?). This is to get more legal certainty about what readers can do with published articles, and thus a wider dissemination and archiving, which in turn makes publishing with this journal more valuable for you, the authors.
References
Alba, J., Lynch, J., Weitz, B., Janiszewski, C., Lutz, R., Sawyer, A., & Wood, S. (1997). Interactive home shopping: consumer, retailer, and manufacturer incentives to participate in electronic marketplaces. Journal of Marketing, 61(3), 38–53.
Ashworth, L., & Free, C. (2006). Marketing dataveillance and digital privacy: Using theories of justice to understand consumers’ online privacy concerns. Journal of Business Ethics, 67(2), 107–123.
Belanger, F., Hiller, J. S., & Smith, W. J. (2002). Trustworthiness in electronic commerce: the role of privacy, security, and site attributes. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 11(3–4), 245–270.
Bhattacherjee, A. (2001). Understanding information systems continuance: An expectation-confirmation model. MIS Quarterly, 351–370.
Blut, M. (2016). E-service quality: development of a hierarchical model. Journal of Retailing, 92(4), 500–517.
Castañeda, J. A., & Montoro, F. J. (2007). The effect of Internet general privacy concern on customer behavior. Electronic Commerce Research, 7(2), 117–141.
Chang, H. H., & Chen, S. W. (2009). Consumer perception of interface quality, security, and loyalty in electronic commerce. Information and Management, 46(7), 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2009.08.002
Clarke, R. (1999). eCommerce Definitions. http://www.rogerclarke.com/EC/ECDefns.html
Cohen-Almagor, R. (2013). Internet history. In Moral, ethical, and social dilemmas in the age of technology: Theories and practice (pp. 19–39). IGI Global.
Coppel, J. (2000). E-commerce: impacts and policy challenges.
Culp, W. C. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019. A & A Practice, 14(6), e01218. https://doi.org/10.1213/xaa.0000000000001218
DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (1992). Information systems success: The quest for the dependent variable. Information Systems Research, 3(1), 60–95.
Department of Disease Control/ Office of International Cooperation, T. (2020). * Temporary Special Exemption : Foreign passengers transiting through Thailand to another country ( with a transit time of no more than 24 hours ) need to implement the following : o Provide a Health Certificate prior to boarding at airport of origin , co. March.
Devaraj, S., Fan, M., & Kohli, R. (2002). Antecedents of B2C channel satisfaction and preference: validating e-commerce metrics. Information Systems Research, 13(3), 316–333.
Dube, L., & Maute, M. F. (1998). Defensive strategies for managing satisfaction and loyalty in the service industry. Psychology & Marketing, 15(8), 775–791.
Eid, M. I. (2011). Determinants of E-Commerce Customer Satisfaction, Trust, and Loyalty in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 12(1), 78–93. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1993-3261
ETDA. (2019). Value of e-Commerce Survey in Thailand 2019. https://www.etda.or.th/th/Useful-Resource/publications/Value-of-e-Commerce-Survey-in-Thailand-2019_EN.aspx
Eurostat. (2019). Digital economy and society statistics - enterprises. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Digital_economy_and_society_statistics_-_enterprises#Enterprises_engaged_in_e-commerce
Gould, G. (1995). Why it is customer loyalty that counts (and how to measure it). Managing Service Quality: An International Journal.
Grandon, E. E., & Pearson, J. M. (2004). Electronic commerce adoption: an empirical study of small and medium US businesses. Information & Management, 42(1), 197–216.
Griffith, D. A., Krampf, R. F., & Palmer, J. W. (2001). The role of interface in electronic commerce: Consumer involvement with print versus on-line catalogs. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 5(4), 135–153.
Gronholdt, L., Martensen, A., & Kristensen, K. (2000). The relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty: cross-industry differences. Total Quality Management, 11(4–6), 509–514.
Hartono, E., Holsapple, C. W., Kim, K.-Y., Na, K.-S., & Simpson, J. T. (2014). Measuring perceived security in B2C electronic commerce website usage: A respecification and validation. Decision Support Systems, 62, 11–21.
Henkel, D., Houchaime, N., Locatelli, N., & Singh, S. (2006). The impact of emerging WLANs on incumbent cellular service providers.
Hidayat, A., Saifullah, M., & Ishak, A. (2016). Determinants of satisfaction, trust, and loyalty of Indonesian e-commerce customer. International Journal of Economics and Management, 10(SpecialIssue1), 151–166.
Jin, B., & Park, J. Y. (2006). The moderating effect of online purchase experience on the evaluation of online store attributes and the subsequent impact on market response outcomes. ACR North American Advances.
Kolesar, M. B., & Galbraith, R. W. (2000). A services‐marketing perspective on e‐retailing: implications for e‐retailers and directions for further research. Internet Research.
Konting, M. M., Kamaruddin, N., & Man, N. A. (2009). Quality Assurance in Higher Education Institutions: Exit Survey among Universiti Putra Malaysia Graduating Students. International Education Studies, 2(1), 25–31.
Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2010). Principles of marketing. Pearson education.
Kristiansen, K. (2018). Theorizing trade and civilization. Trade and Civilisation, Edited by Kristian Kristiansen, Thomas Lindkvist, and Janken Myrdal, 1–24.
Liu, X., He, M., Gao, F., & Xie, P. (2008). An empirical study of online shopping customer satisfaction in China: a holistic perspective. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management.
Lohse, G. L., & Spiller, P. (1998). Electronic shopping. Communications of the ACM, 41(7), 81–87.
Maute, M. F., & Dubés, L. (1999). Patterns of emotional responses and behavioural consequences of dissatisfaction. Applied Psychology, 48(3), 349–366.
McLean, G., & Wilson, A. (2016). Evolving the online customer experience… is there a role for online customer support? Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 602–610.
Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1973). A measure of arousal seeking tendency. Environment and Behavior, 5(3), 315.
Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. the MIT Press.
Moon, J.-W., & Kim, Y.-G. (2001). Extending the TAM for a World-Wide-Web context. Information & Management, 38(4), 217–230.
Namwat, C., Suphanchaimat, R., Nittayasoot, N., & Iamsirithaworn, S. (2020). Thailand’s Response against Coronavirus Disease 2019: Challenges and Lessons Learned | OSIR Journal. Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation and Response (OSIR) Journal, 13(1), 33–37. http://osirjournal.net/index.php/osir/article/view/174
Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63(4_suppl1), 33–44.
Park, C. H., & Kim, Y. G. (2003). Identifying key factors affecting consumer purchase behavior in an online shopping context. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 31(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550310457818
Pham, T. S. H., & Ahammad, M. F. (2017). Antecedents and consequences of online customer satisfaction: A holistic process perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 124, 332–342. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.04.003
Ponto, J. (2015). Understanding and evaluating survey research. Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology, 6(2), 168.
Reynolds, J. (2000). eCommerce: a critical review. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management.
Rita, P., Oliveira, T., & Farisa, A. (2019). The impact of e-service quality and customer satisfaction on customer behavior in online shopping. Heliyon, 5(10), e02690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02690
Sadeh, S., Sadeh, E., Mousavi, L., & Asgari, F. (2011). The effects of website quality dimensions on customer satisfaction in e-retailing system. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 10(3), 366–369.
Salisbury, W. D., Pearson, R. A., Pearson, A. W., & Miller, D. W. (2001). Perceived security and World Wide Web purchase intention. Industrial Management & Data Systems.
Shafiee, M. M., & Bazargan, N. A. (2018). Behavioral customer loyalty in online shopping: The role of e-service quality and e-recovery. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 13(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-18762018000100103
Spiller, P., & Lohse, G. L. (1997). A classification of Internet retail stores. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 2(2), 29–56.
Statista. (2020). E-commerce in Thailand. https://www.statista.com/topics/6939/e-commerce-in-thailand/
Sun, S. (1992). A study of relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty toward an economy hotel chain in guangzhou, china. 1988, 3–17.
Szymanski, D. M., & Hise, R. T. (2000). E-satisfaction: an initial examination. Journal of Retailing, 76(3), 309–322.
The Nation, T. (2021). Thailand leading Asia’s shift to e-commerce with 58% rise. https://www.nationthailand.com/business/30403806
Turel, O., & Connelly, C. E. (2013). Too busy to help: Antecedents and outcomes of interactional justice in web-based service encounters. International Journal of Information Management, 33(4), 674–683.
Vladimir, Z. (1996). Electronic commerce: structures and issues. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 1(1), 3–23.
Wang, R. Y., & Strong, D. M. (1996). Beyond accuracy: What data quality means to data consumers. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12(4), 5–33.
Wei, N. Y. (2002). Viewpoints on customer satisfaction. Sunchao Culture, Taipei, Taiwan.
WHO. (2020a). No Title. https://www.who.int/thailand/news/detail/14-10-2020-Thailand-IAR-COVID19
WHO. (2020b). Weekly Operational Update on COVID-19. World Health Organization (WHO), November, 1–10. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-update-on-covid-19---16-october-2020
World Health Organization, W. (2020). No Title. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/table
Worldometers. (2021). No Title. Thailand Population. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/thailand-population/
Wu, J.-J., Hwang, J.-N., Sharkhuu, O., & Tsogt-Ochir, B. (2018). Shopping online and off-line? Complementary service quality and image congruence. Asia Pacific Management Review, 23(1), 30–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2017.01.004
Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis.
Yang, Z., & Peterson, R. T. (2004). Customer perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty: The role of switching costs. Psychology & Marketing, 21(10), 799–822.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35(2), 151.
Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect.