What Are Motivations Behind Entrepreneurship Intention and Behavior Among Postgrads in Zhejiang, China?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14456/shserj.2024.37Keywords:
Attitude, Subject Norms, Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurial Intention, Entrepreneurship BehaviorAbstract
Purpose: Entrepreneurship plays a significant role in recovering and boosting development and innovation in the economy. This study aims to investigate the factors that impact master’s degree students’ entrepreneurship intention and behavior in three cities: Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Attitude toward being an entrepreneur, subject norms for being an entrepreneur, entrepreneurial training & development, entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial motivation, entrepreneurial intention, and entrepreneurship behavior are proposed the causal relationship for the conceptual framework. Research design, data, and methodology: The researcher applied the quantitative method (n=500), using online questionnaire. This research applied judgmental, quota and convenience sampling method to collect the data. The research used Structural Equation and Model and Confirmatory Factor Analysis to analyze the data, which include reliability, construct validity, and model fit. Results: The result of this study demonstrate that attitude toward being an entrepreneurial intention, subject norms for being an entrepreneur, entrepreneurial training & development, entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship motivation, and entrepreneurial intention significantly impact college students’ entrepreneurship behavior. Conclusion: This study suggested that training and education are significant to master’s degree students to understand the importance of entrepreneurship, which helps to encourage more students to choose to start their businesses.
References
Aamir, H., Imran, A., Imran, S. K. M. B. I., & Syed, A. H. (2021). Individual entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of entrepreneurial motivations. Industry & Higher Education, 1(2), 1-16.
Adewale, A. A., & Fatima, I. (2016). Entrepreneurship intention among students. The antecedent role of culture and entrepreneurship training and Development. The International Journal of Management Education, 14, 116-132.
Aileen Boluk, K., & Mottiar, Z. (2014). Motivations of social entrepreneurs: blurring the social contribution and profits dichotomy. Social Enterprise Journal, 10(1), 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1108/sej-01-2013-0001
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t
Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27-58.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27
Anderson, A. R., & Zhang, X. (2015). Enterprise education with Chinese characteristics; Policy, practices, and uneven development in PRC. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 7(3), 276-292.
https://doi.org/10.1108/jeee-12-2014-0047
Autio, E., Keeley, R., Klofsten, M., Parker, G., & Hay, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(2), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/14632440110094632
Bahadur, A. A., & Naimatullah, S. (2015). Developing attitudes and intentions among potential entrepreneurs. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(2), 547-567.
Bandura, A., Adams, N. E., Hardy, A. B., & Howells, G. N. (1980). Tests of the generality of self-efficacy theory. Cognitive Theory and Research, 4(1), 39-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01173354
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Bosque, R. I., & Crespo, H. A. (2010). The influence of the commercial features of the Internet on the adoption of e-commerce by consumers. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 9, 562-575
Brockhaus, R. H. (1980). Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Journal, 23(3), 509-520.
https://doi.org/10.5465/255515
Carlson, S. D. (1985). Consistency of attitude components: A new approach for all problems. Dissertation Abstract International, 46(9), 32-61.
Carrigan, M., & Attalla, A. (2001). The myth of the ethical consumer--do ethics matter in purchase behavior? Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(7), 560-577. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760110410263
Cui, L., Wu, Y., Liu, J., Yang, S., & Zhange, Y. (2021). Template-Based Named Entity Recognition Using BART. Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 1(2), 1835-1845. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.161
Cunningham, J. A., & Menter, M. (2021). Transformative change in higher education: Entrepreneurial universities and high-technology entrepreneurship. Industry & Innovation, 28(3), 343-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2020.1763263
Dong, T. (2020). Reflections on the sustainable development of innovation & entrepreneurship education in colleges. Jiangsu Higher Education, 10, 93-96. https://doi. org/10.13236/j.cnki.jshe.2020.10.016
Duong, C., & Tomasz, B. (2019). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention among Vietnamese students: a meta-analytic path analysis based on the theory of planned behavior. Procedia Computer Science, 159, 2447-2460
Dyer, W. G., & Handler, W. (1994). Entrepreneurship and family business: Exploring the connections. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 19(1), 71-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401900105
Elliott, C., Mavriplis, C., & Anis, H. (2020). An entrepreneurship education and peer mentoring program for women in STEM: Mentors’ experiences and perceptions of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intent. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(1), 43-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00624-2
Fayolle, A., & Liñán, F. (2014). The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 663-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusres.2013.11.024
Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programs: a new methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(9), 701-720. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590610715022
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation model with unobservable variables and measurement error algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
Galloway, L., & Brown, W. (2002). Entrepreneurship education at university: a driver in the creation of high growth firms?. Education & Training, 44(8/9), 398-405. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910210449231
Ghada, H., Gloria, H., & Gautam, N. (2021). Can students’ perception of the diverse learning environment affect their intentions toward entrepreneurship? Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 6(3), 167-176.
Gibb, A., & Ritchie, J. (1982). Understanding the process of starting small businesses. International Small Business Journal, 66, 70-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/026624268200100102
Gibson, L., Lee, T. M., & Sodhi, N. S. (2011). Primary Forests Are Irreplaceable for Sustaining Tropical Biodiversity. Nature, 478, 378-381.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10425
Hair, J. F., Arthur, H. M., Samouel, P., & Mike, P. (2007). Research Methods for Business (1st ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
Hao, J., Wu, A., & Hou, Y. (2016). The construction and enlightenment of American innovation and entrepreneurship education system. Research in Higher Education of Engineering, 4(20), 65-70.
Harjer, H., & Habib, A. (2013). Factors of entrepreneurial intention of the public civil servant: empirical evidence in the case of Tunisia. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research, 4(1), 673-687.
Hopwood, C. J., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). How should the internal structure of personality inventories be evaluated? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(3), 332-346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310361240
Innocent, O., Kadiri, U., & Yakubu, A. (2019). The effects of entrepreneurship education on students’ entrepreneurial intentions A longitudinal approach. Education + Training. ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print).
Jeffrey, K., & Dennis, W. (1996). Public Preferences Regarding the Goals of Rarmland Preservation Programs. Land Economics, 72(4), 538-549.
Jiao, H. (2011). A conceptual model for social entrepreneurship directed toward social impact on society. Social Enterprise Journal, 7(2), 130-149. https://doi.org/10.1108/17508611111156600
Katz, J., & Gartner, W. B. (1988). Properties of emerging organizations. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 429-441. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1988.4306967
Katz, P. A. (2003). Racists or Tolerant Multiculturalists? How Do They Begin? American Psychologist, 58(11), 897-909.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.11.897b
Kinwolo, A. K., Saina, C. K., & Cheserek, G. J. (2012). Effects of credit training skills on sales performance among women entrepreneurs in Elgeiyo Marakwet County, Kenya. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(6), 945-950.
Kolvereid, L. (1996). Organizational employment versus self-employment: reasons for career choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(3), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879602000302
Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. (2006). New Business Start-Up and Subsequent Entry into Self-Employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(6), 866-885.
Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2009). Organizational Behavior (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Kriz, A. (2010). The challenge to rekindle China’s innovative spirit. Management Decision, 48(4), 541-561.
https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741011041346
Krueger, N. F. J., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9026(98)00033-0
Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behavior. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5, 315-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629300000020
Kubberød, E., & Pettersen, I. B. (2017). Exploring situated ambiguity in students’ entrepreneurial learning. Education and Training, 59(3), 265-279. https://doi.org/10.1108/et-04-2016-0076
Lee-Gosselin, H., & Grise, J. (1990). Are women owner-managers challenging our definitions of entrepreneurship? An in-depth survey. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(4/5), 423-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00380341
Mair, J., & Noboa, E. (2003). The emergence of social enterprises and their place in the new organizational landscape (1st ed.). IESE Business School, University of Navarra, Barcelona.
Mark, P., Rachel, S., Bryan, T., Francisco, L., & Jerry, F. (2008). The explaining entrepreneurial intentions of university students: a cross-cultural study. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 15(6), 571-594.
Martin, L. R., & Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: the case for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 5(2), 28-39.
McClelland, D. C. (2003). The Achieving Society (1st ed.). Van Nostrand, Princeton.
McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive (1st ed.). Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Mentoor, E. R., & Friedrich, C. (2007). Is entrepreneurial education at South African universities successful? An empirical example. Industry and Higher Education, 21(3), 221-232. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000007781236862
Mery, C. R. (2014). Is Entrepreneurship Education Really Needed? Examining the Antecedent of Entrepreneurial Career Intention. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 115, 44-53
Neomi, F., Itai, B., & Nissim, C. (2021). How policy entrepreneurship training affects policy entrepreneurship behavior among street-level bureaucrats - a randomized field experiment. Journal of European Public Policy, 28(5), 698-722.
Oosterbeek, H., Van Praag, M., & Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European Economic Review, 54(3), 442-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.08.002
Peterman, N. E., & Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise Education: Influencing Students’ Perceptions of Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28, 129-144.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-6520.2003.00035.x
Prabhu, G. N. (1999). Social entrepreneurial leadership. Career Development International, 4(3), 140-145.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13620439910262796
Ratten, V. (2017). Entrepreneurial universities: The role of communities, people, and places. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 11(3), 310-315. https://doi.org/10.1108/jec-03-2017-0021
Ratten, V., & Jones, P. (2018). Future research directions for sport education: Toward an entrepreneurial learning approach. Education + Training, 60(5), 490-499. https://doi.org/10.1108/et-02-2018-0028
Reynolds, P. D., Camp, S. M., Bygrave, W. D., Autio, E., & Hay, M. (2001). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan002481.pdf.
Rohit, A. (2016). Integrated optical switch matrices for packet data networks. Microsystems & Nanoengineering, 2(1), 15042. https://doi.org/10.1038/micronano.2015.42
Santos, S. C., Neumeyer, X., & Morris, M. H. (2019). Entrepreneurship education in a poverty context: An empowerment perspective. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(1), 6-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12485
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (1st ed.). Harper and Row.
Seham, G., Ahmed, T., & Ayman, I. (2017). What motivates social entrepreneurs to start social ventures? An exploratory study in the context of a developing economy. Social Enterprise Journal, 13(3), 268-298.
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C.A. Kent, D.L. Sexton, & K.H. Vesper (Eds.). Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, 1(2), 72-89.
Sharma, S., Pradhan, K., Satya, S., & Vasudevan, P. (2005). Potentiality of earthworms for waste management and in other uses – a review. The J. Am. Sci., 1(1), 4-16.
Shasha, Y., & Leelakasemsant, C. (2022). Influencing Factors of Entrepreneurial Intention among Engineering Students in Sichuan, China. AU-GSB E-JOURNAL, 15(2), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.14456/augsbejr.2022.69
Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention—Behavior Relations: A Conceptual and Empirical Review. European Review of Social Psychology, 12(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792772143000003
Sica, C., & Ghisi, M. (2007). The Italian versions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory-II: Psychometric properties and discriminant power. In M. A. Lange (Ed.), Leading-edge psychological tests and testing research (pp. 27-50). Nova Science Publishers.
Smith, R., Bell, R., & Watts, H. (2014). Personality trait differences between traditional and social entrepreneurs. Social Enterprise Journal, 10(3), 200-221. https://doi.org/10.1108/sej-08-2013-0033
Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration, and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.05.002
State Council. (2015). Opinions on policies and measures for pushing through mass entrepreneurship and innovation (in Chinese). http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-06/16/cont ent_9855.htm.
Tariq, A. V. G. R. C., Jane, E. K., Francisco, L., & Panagiotis, K. (2020). Entrepreneurship education programmes: How learning, inspiration and resources affect intentions for new venture creation in a developing economy. The International Journal of Management Education, 18(1), 100327.
Thompson, E. R. (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669-694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00321.x
Vanessa, W. (2021). The world-renowned planning theorist. Planning Theory, 20(4), 1-10.
Vesper, K. H., & Gartner, W. B. (2001). Compendium for Entrepreneur Programs (1st ed.). University of South California Lloyd Greif Centre for Educational Studies.
Volkmann, C. (2004). Entrepreneurship studies: an ascending academic discipline in the twenty-first century. Higher Education in Europe, 29(2), 177-185.
Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. (1977). Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/270754
Wright, E., Feng, S., & Zheng, Y. (2021). Unemployed graduate to the next jack ma? A counter-narrative to the entrepreneurship movement in higher education. Higher Education, 83, 863-880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00709-4
Wu, H., & Benson, S. A. (2017). Made in China 2025 and new trends of entrepreneurship education of China: A socio-economic-educational perspective. Asian Education Studies, 2(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.20849/aes.v2i1.103
Wu, J. H., & Wang, Y. M. (2006). Measuring KMS Success: A Respecification of the DeLone and McLean’s Model. Journal of Information & Management, 43, 728-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2006.05.002
Yaser, H., Mohammed, A., Mohammed, A., & Naif, G. (2020). Factors impacting entrepreneurial intentions among university students in Saudi Arabia: testing an integrated model of TPB and EO. Education + Training, 62(7/8), 779-803
YZJBYS. (2017). The entrepreneurship in Zhejiang graduated college students’ 2016-2017.
https://www.yzjbys.com/qiuzhizhinan/show-161378.html
Zhang, P., & Cain, K. W. (2017). Reassessing the link between risk aversion and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of the determinants of planned behavior. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(5), 793-811. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-08-2016-0248
Zhejiang New. (2019). Experience Zhaohe New Material. https://www.zhejiangzhaohe.com/
Zhou, M., & Xu, H. (2012). A review of entrepreneurship education for college students in China. Administrative Sciences, 2(1), 82-98. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci2010082