The Influence of Parental Bonding on Depression, Shame, and Anger among Thai Middle School Children, Being Mediated by Peer Victimization (Victim of Bullying): A Path Analytical Study
Keywords:
Anger, Bullying, Depression, Parental bonding, ShameAbstract
Research has identified that victims of school bully often experiencing emotional distress and parental bonding as the factor for children to cope with these feeling better. As an attempt to understand better how does parental bonding impacts on victims’ state of emotion, thecurrent study explore the direct and indirect influences of perceived parental bonding (caring and overprotection), being mediated by peer victimization (victim of bullying), on the emotive states of depression, shame, and anger among Thai middle school children. This quantitative study employed a correlational design via path modeling to test the stated research hypotheses. The results of this study were based on the responses of participants to a six-part survey questionnaire. This investigation involved a sample of 180 Thai school children aged between 11 and 15 years to provide baseline measurements of the targeted relationships to meet the objectives of this study. The findings indicate that the lower level of parental bonding shows a higher level of depression among children. Also, victims of bully report to develop higher level of depression and anger. Furthermore, there is no significant gender difference in peer victimization.
References
Allison, S., Roeger, L., & Reinfeld-Kirkman, N. (2009). Does school bullying affect adult health? Population survey of health-related quality of life and past victimization. Australia & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 1163-1170.
Ayoko, O. B., Callan, V. J., & Hartel, C. E. (2003). Workplace conflict, bullying and counterproductive behaviors. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(4), 283-301.
Barchia, K., & Bussey, K. (2010). The psychological impact of peer victimization: Exploring social-cognitive mediators of depression. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 615-623. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.12
Bariola, E., Gullone, E., & Hughes, E. K. (2011). Child and adolescent emotion regulation: The role of parental emotion regulation and expression. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(2):198-212. doi: 10.1007/s10567-011-0092-5
Bean, S., Lezin, N., Rolleri, L. A., & Taylor, J. (2004). Parent-child connectedness: Implications for research, interventions, and positive impacts on adolescent health. ETR Associates, 1-85.
Beran, T. (2012, January 24). Education.com. Retrieved March 27, 2014, from http://www. education.com/reference/article/Ref_Bullying_Differences/
Bilsky, S. A., Cole, D. A., Dukewich, T., Martin, N. C., Sinclair, K., Tran, C., Roeder, K., Felton, J., Tilghman-Osborne, C., Weitlauf, A. & Maxwell, M. A. (2013). Does supportive parenting mitigate the longitudinal effects of peer victimization on depressive thoughts and symptoms in children? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 406-419. doi:10.1037/a0032501
Birleson , P. (1981). The validity of depressive disorder in childhood and the development of a self-rating scale: A research report. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 73-88.
Bradshaw, C. P., Sawyer, A. L., & O'Brennan, L. M. (2007). Bullying and peer victimization at school: Perceptual differences between students and school staff. School Psychology Review, 36(3), 361-382.
Bradshaw, C. P., Waasdorp, T. E., O'Brennan, L. M. (2013). A latent class approach to examining forms of peer victimization. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 839-849. doi:10.1037/a0032091
Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Barker, E. D., Girard, A., Dionne, G., Tremblay, R. E., & Boivin, M. (2013). Do other people's plights matter? A genetically informed twin study of the role of social context in the link between peer victimization and children's aggression and depression symptoms. Developmental Psychology, 49(2), 327-340. doi:10.1037/ a0025665
Brunstein Klomek, A., Marrocco, F., Kleinman, M., Schonfeld, M., & Gould, M. S. (2007). Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(1), 40-49.
Childers, L. B. (2010). Parental bonding in father-son relationships (Unpublished master’s thesis). Liberty University, Virginia, USA.
Cohen, T. R., Wolf, S. T., Panter, A. T., & Insko, C. A. (2011). Introducing the GASP scale: A new measure of guilt and shame proneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 947-966. doi:10.1037/a0022641
Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 65-83.
Correia, I., & Dalbert, C. (2008). School bullying: Belief in a personal just world of bullies, victims, and defenders. European Psychologist, 13(4), 249-254. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.248
Fanti, K. A., & Georgiou, S. N. (2013). Bullying, victimization, school performance, and mother-child relationship quality: Direct and transactional associations. Journal of Criminology. doi:10.1155/2013/289689
Fein, M. (1993). I.A.M.: A common sense guide to coping with anger. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
Fielder, R. O'N. (2008). Parent-child relationships and their effect on children's peer interactions. Student Assistance Journal, 23-29.
Gallup, S. L., Syracuse, C. J., & Oliveri, M. S. (2003). What the research tells us about family meals. Family and Consumer Sciences, Ohio State University Extension.
Glasø, L., Løkke Vie, T., Holmdal, G., & Einarsen, S. (2011). An application of affective events theory to workplace bullying: The role of emotions, trait anxiety, and trait anger. European Psychologist, 16(3), 198-208. doi:10.1027 /1016-9040/a000026
Glew, G. M., Fan, M-Y., Katon, W., Rivara , F. P., & Kernic, M. A. (2005). Bullying, psychosocial adjustment, and academic performance in elementary school. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 1026-1031.
Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. (1998). Self-blame and peer victimization in middle school: An attributional analysis. Developmental Psychology, 34, 587-599. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.3.587
Guerra, N. G., Williams, K. R., & Sadek, S. (2011). Understanding bullying and victimization during childhood and adolescence: A mixed methods study. Child Development, 82, 295-310. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01556.x
Han, Y. S. (n.d.). Parental Bonding and Parent-Child Relationship Among Teritiary Strudents. Sunway Academic Journal 5, 111-127.
Hawker, D. S., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 441-455.
Herrenkohl, T. I., Hemphill, S. A., Mason, W. A., Toumbourou, J. W., & Catalano, R. F. (2012). Predictors and responses to the growth in physical violence during adolescence: A comparison of students in Washington state and Victoria, Australia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(1), 41-49. doi:10.1111 /j.1939-0025.2011.01139.x
Hunt, C., Peters, L., & Rapee, R. M. (2012). Development of a measure of the experience of being bullied in youth. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 156-165. doi:10.1037/a0025178
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpela, M., Rantanen, P., & Rimpela, A. (2000). Bullying at school: An indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 661-674.
Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. Psychoanalysis Review, 58, 419-438.
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family. Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 4: Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed.), 1-101, New York: Wiley.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Parada, R. H. (2000). Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument: A theoretical and empirical basis for the measurement of participant roles in bullying and victimization of adolescence: An interim test manual and a research monograph: A test manual. Penrith South, DC, Australia: Publication Unit, Self-concept Enhancement and Learning Facilitation (SELF) Research Center, University of Western Sydney.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. Britisih Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1-10.
Pickhardt, C. E. (2011, January 10). Psychology today: Adolescence and parental support. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from http://www.psychologytoday.com/ blog/surviving-your-childs-adolescence/201101/adolescence-and-parental-sup port
Rosenblatt, Z., & Peled, D. (2002). School ethical climate and parental involvement. Journal of Educational Administration, 40(4), 349-367.
Rigby, K. (1999). Peer victimisation at school and the health of secondary students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 22(2), 28-34.
Rigby, K., & Slee, P. T. (1999). The nature of school bullying: A cross national perspective. pp. 324-339. London and New York: Routledge.
Rivers, I., & Smith, P. K. (1994). Types of bullying behaviour and their correlates. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 359-368. doi: 10.1002/1098-2337
Snell, W. E., Gum, S., Shuck, R. L., Mosley, J. A., & Kite, T. L. (1995). The Clinical Anger Scale: Preliminary reliability and validity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 215-226. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(199503)51:2<215::AID-JC LP2270510211>3.0.CO;2-Z
Srabstein, J. C., McCarter, R. J., Shao, C., & Huang, Z. J. (2006). Morbidities associated with bullying behavior in adolescents: School based study of American adolescents. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 18, 587-596.
Stevens, V., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Van Oost, P. (2002). Relationship of the family environment to children's involvement in bully/victim problems at school. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(6), 419-428.